Ground-source heat pumps are advanced energy systems designed to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for buildings by utilizing low-temperature heat sources found in shallow underground soils, rocks, groundwater, or other media. These systems are widely recognized as one of the most efficient, comfortable, and environmentally friendly technologies available today. They are commonly used in a variety of applications such as office buildings, residential villas, schools, hotels, and hospitals, particularly in central air conditioning systems, floor heating, and domestic hot water supply.
The core principle behind ground-source heat pumps is their ability to tap into the stable temperature of the earth, typically between 15°C and -17°C, which remains relatively constant throughout the year. Unlike traditional air conditioning systems that rely on cooling towers or boilers, ground-source heat pumps use this underground thermal reservoir to provide both heating in winter and cooling in summer. This system uses approximately 60% to 70% of its energy from the ground and only 30% to 40% from electricity, making it highly energy-efficient and cost-effective.
There are several types of ground-source heat pumps, including those that use groundwater, surface water, or closed-loop systems with buried pipes. Closed-loop systems, which circulate water through underground pipes, are particularly popular due to their sustainability, flexibility, and minimal environmental impact.
The piping system plays a crucial role in the performance of a ground-source heat pump. The main components include the pipe network, which is usually made of high-density polyethylene (PE) or polybutylene (PB) materials. PE pipes, especially PE100 and PE80 grades, are widely used because of their durability and cost-effectiveness. The design of the piping includes main manifolds, buried heat exchange pipes, and various fittings that ensure proper connections and structural integrity.
Supervisory pipes, also known as header pipes, typically come in sizes like D40 to D63, with larger projects using D110. These pipes are often buried below the frost line to prevent freezing, and insulated sections are added where they emerge from the ground. The buried pipes themselves are usually in coil form, with lengths ranging from 80 to 100 meters per loop. In some cases, double U-tube configurations are used, which increase the length of each unit by three times and require specialized fittings to connect them.
Pipe fittings, such as U-bends and fixed brackets, are essential for maintaining the structure and efficiency of the system. U-bends help create a continuous water flow, while fixed brackets ensure proper spacing between pipes to avoid thermal interference. These components must be carefully selected based on the project’s specifications and requirements.
In terms of installation, there are two primary methods: horizontal and vertical laying. Horizontal laying involves placing pipes in trenches, which is simpler but requires more land area. Vertical laying, on the other hand, involves drilling deep holes and inserting U-shaped pipes, which is more efficient but also more expensive. Currently, the double U-pipe vertical method is the most commonly used in practice.
China has established national standards, such as GB5036-2005, to guide the design and construction of ground-source heat pump systems. These standards specify the use of PE pipes, ensuring consistency with existing water supply pipe regulations. Proper installation, maintenance, and adherence to these guidelines are essential to maximize the system’s efficiency and longevity.
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