Amphibious warfare has long been a critical component of military strategy. The Normandy landings in World War II marked the first major climax of amphibious operations, significantly boosting the development of amphibious warships. Since the 1980s, these vessels have seen substantial growth, with modern designs focusing on large displacement, multi-purpose capabilities, and enhanced offensive and defensive systems. After the Cold War, as navies shifted toward "from sea to land" strategies, especially under the U.S. "forward presence" doctrine, many nations began developing advanced amphibious ships. The U.S. introduced the San Antonio-class dock landing ships, while the UK built the Albion-class assault ships and the Bay-class dock ships. France launched the Mistral-class, and even the Netherlands constructed the Rotterdam-class. Japan also developed a large amphibious assault ship under the guise of a transport vessel. These new-generation ships typically range between 15,000 to 20,000 tons, offering greater versatility than traditional amphibious assault ships, which are costly and not feasible for all nations. Multi-purpose dock landing ships, equipped with hangars, helicopter decks, and command centers, can perform many of the roles of assault ships, making them central to future amphibious operations.
The development of China’s amphibious fleet began in 1949 when the People's Navy was established. Initially, its amphibious forces were weak, but by the early 1950s, the Naval Infantry (predecessor to the Marine Corps) was formed. By 1952, five marine divisions and two amphibious tank regiments had been created, reaching a peak of 110,000 personnel after the Korean War. However, the development of amphibious transport vessels lagged. In the mid-1950s, China started building small landing crafts, such as the Type 066 Yuzhai-class, followed by the Type 067 Yunan-class, which could carry one main battle tank or two armored vehicles. Over time, more advanced models like the 068/069 Yuqing-class and the 073 Yudao-class were developed, improving transport capacity and operational flexibility. Despite these efforts, China's amphibious fleet remained limited in scale and capability until the late 20th century. The 072 Yukang-class amphibious landing ships, introduced in the 1970s, represented a significant step forward, capable of carrying Marines and tanks, and later the 072II Yuting-class added helicopter facilities, enhancing their strategic value. Today, China continues to modernize its amphibious capabilities, aiming to match global standards in naval power projection.
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