A multi-institutional study is currently underway at the Illinois Fire Service Institute (IFSI) to examine the exposure of firefighters to contaminants both on their gear and on their skin. In addition, researchers are analyzing the gases released when furniture and carpets burn. The project involves collaboration between IFSI, UL, NIOSH, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and Skidmore College.
The study involved 12 Illinois firefighters who underwent a series of medical tests before, during, and after simulated fire scenarios. Blood samples were taken, vitals and temperatures were recorded, and urine samples were analyzed for biomarkers related to hydration and chemical exposure. Each firefighter also wore a heart-monitoring device for 12 hours following the exercise.
Dr. Denise Smith, one of the lead researchers, explained that part of the study focuses on how firefighting affects the cardiovascular system. “We usually talk about getting the rig back in service,†she said. “But we’re looking at how long it actually takes for a firefighter to recover physiologically after an incident. We want to know if there are changes that occur hours after they finish their work.â€
Each year, numerous firefighters die not on the fireground, but in the hours or days following an incident. This study aims to better understand these risks and improve safety protocols.
To ensure accurate results, participants wore new, unused gear so that previous contamination wouldn’t affect the data. They carried small chemical collection units in their coat pockets, which were later tested for traces of harmful substances. Meanwhile, UL and NIOSH engineers set up advanced equipment to monitor temperature and gas levels inside the burning rooms.
UL Research Engineer Robin Zevotek installed thermal sensors throughout the test environment, placing them two feet apart in some areas and just one foot apart in others. He could track temperature changes in real time using a nearby monitor. In hallways, sensors were positioned at one, three, and five feet above the floor—representing the likely positions of both victims and firefighters during a rescue operation.
This comprehensive approach helps paint a clearer picture of the hidden dangers firefighters face and provides critical data to support future safety improvements.