Due to the lack of energy and the long-established habits of life, the majority of farmers and herders in Tibet rely mainly on cattle (sheep) dung, fuel wood, and turf as life fuel and heating fuel. This lifestyle destroys vegetation, forests, and pasture, and affects the environment. It has brought tremendous harm.With the rapid development of Tibet's economy and society, the demand for energy is increasing day by day. Changing traditional energy extraction methods, and on the premise of protecting the fragile ecological environment of the plateau, the implementation of new energy development is imminent.
To this end, Tibet plans to invest 5.811 billion yuan in the next few years to implement fuelwood alternative energy projects, including rural biogas construction projects, electricity-paying projects, solar energy popularization projects, solid biomass fuel promotion projects, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas. To promote the five major projects, experts believe that this project will effectively protect the fragile eco-environment of the Tibetan Plateau while also producing good economic and social benefits.
-- Status Quo and Existing Problems of Tibetan Fuelwood Energy Consumption
The energy consumption of Tibetan fuelwood is mainly consumed by the agricultural and pastoral population.At the end of 2006, the total population of Tibet's agriculture and animal husbandry was 2,245,700, and there was a serious shortage of 40% of the total number of households in the farming and pastoral areas. The biomass energy of livestock excrement, firewood, etc., supplemented by electric energy, solar energy, and fuelwood energy consumption accounts for about 70% of the total energy consumption.
According to statistics, the per capita annual energy consumption in Tibet is 0.7 tons of standard coal, and the total annual consumption of fuelwood and energy for the Tibetan farming and animal husbandry population is approximately 12.77 billion kWh/year. According to the calculation of four households, one year’s cooking and heating are burned. About 5-6 tons of diesel, equivalent to 6-7 cubic meters of wood, equivalent to destroy 4-5 acres of forest vegetation.With the continuous improvement of living standards, this consumption will continue to increase.
According to relevant persons from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food in the Tibet Autonomous Region, the majority of farmers and herders in Tibet rely mainly on cattle (sheep) manure, firewood, turf, roots, and thorns as fuels for life and heating fuel. The resulting impact has led to a large number of forest trees. , vegetation, grassland, etc. have been felled and destroyed, and the ability to recycle basic production elements such as forests, pastures, and arable land has been declining; forest resources, grassland degradation, and land desertification have become increasingly important. This has led to soil erosion, biodiversity threats, and natural disasters. One of the reasons for hair.
According to statistics, over-collection of forests, turf, shrubs, etc. in some areas has seriously affected the natural ecological environment in these areas, and the vegetation coverage has dropped drastically, making recovery difficult and causing serious losses. According to incomplete statistics, Tibet has for decades Firewood consumption is as high as 30 million cubic meters, which is 6 times that of commodity timber and 10 times that of timber. In addition to the fact that non-forestry farmers and herdsmen consume less than part of the firewood from natural forest areas, 93.7% of them come from relatively high levels. The ecological shrubbery of natural shrubbery has caused 4,000-0.67 million hectares of shrubs to be devastated or even devastated.
The excessive reliance on biomass energy has caused the degradation of grassland in Tibet to become increasingly serious. According to statistics, at present, the area of ​​degraded grassland in Tibet amounts to 42.667 million hectares. Grassland degradation directly leads to the regulation of climate, conservation of water resources, soil conservation, and grassland ecosystems in the Tibetan Plateau. The functions of material production and biodiversity protection are weakened, and excessive dependence on animal manure fuel also results in a decline in soil fertility.
At the same time, Tibetan fuelwood energy is mainly used for cooking and heating, and due to climatic conditions and stoves, the utilization efficiency of firewood is only about 15%, which not only causes great waste of resources, but also affects the quality of life. The use of firewood in large quantities in the district, where fuelwood and livestock dung are everywhere, is widespread, resulting in a “dirty, chaotic, and bad†living environment. The indoor air is heavily polluted and heavy inhalation can cause serious damage to human health. With harmful microorganisms such as parasite eggs, long-term exposure can easily infect harmful bacteria.
- Implementation of fuelwood alternative energy projects will bring huge ecological benefits and economic benefits
Relevant experts believe that according to the plan, fuelwood alternative energy projects will bring huge ecological benefits.
The calculation results show that after the implementation of the fuelwood alternative energy project, 100% of urban residents above the county level will be able to use fuelwood to replace energy, and 50% of farmers and herdsmen can use fuelwood instead of energy sources (except for solar cookers), which can reduce 132 each year. 10,000 tons of firewood or 1.412 million tons of livestock manure and other energy consumption will prevent 2,748,500 acres of forest from being destroyed, with an annual water storage capacity of 82 million cubic meters, annual fixed carbon of 1.67 million tons, annual sand fixation of 64.1 million tons, and production of 13.4 million tons of oxygen. Ton.
According to experts from the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, the implementation of the plan can effectively increase the proportion of clean renewable energy in Tibet, enable the more efficient development and utilization of water resources, effectively reduce the damage to forests and grasslands, and prevent grassland degradation and disasters. To curb the desertification trend of grassland, improve the ecological environment in the project implementation area, ensure effective forest protection in the project area, gradually increase the coverage of grassland, gradually restore the ecological functions of forests and grasslands, fully realize the ecological benefits, and provide wildlife and other biological diversity. Sex resources have been protected, so that the entire ecosystem has entered a virtuous cycle, and the ecological benefits are very significant.
At the same time, the economic benefits and social benefits brought about by this plan will also be outstanding.At present, the market price of cattle and sheep manure is RMB 400/t, and the market price of firewood is RMB 600/t. The income of household biogas is 1,250 yuan. 200,000 farmers and herdsmen who use biogas increase their annual income and expenditure by 250 million yuan. The income of solar cookers is 1,284 yuan. The farmers and herdsmen of 250,000 solar cookers increase their annual savings by 221 million yuan. Each passive solar house saves about 300 yuan in fuel costs each year, and 82,500 farmers and herdsmen who use solar heating increase their annual savings by around 25 billion yuan.After the plan is implemented, the farmers and herdsmen who use fuelwood to replace energy in Tibet each year It can increase revenue by more than 400 million yuan.
Experts believe that with the development and utilization of new technologies and new technologies for the development and utilization of energy in Tibet, the establishment of large-scale production and service networks will not only provide a large number of job opportunities for the society, but also promote the development of rural industrialization and urbanization. It is conducive to rural economic restructuring and the transfer of rural surplus labor.
In addition, the implementation of the plan can also realize the recycling of energy, promote the construction of a resource-saving society, reduce the consumption of biomass energy, drive the development of aquaculture and planting, and help increase the income of farmers and herdsmen.
--Measures and Safeguards to Implement Fuelwood Alternative Energy Projects
The first is to implement the construction of the five major alternative energy projects.The energy alternative projects to be implemented from the second half of 2008 include rural biogas construction projects, electricity pay-for-pay projects, solar energy popularization projects, solid biomass fuel promotion projects, and promotion of liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas Among the five major projects, among them, the rural biogas construction project will have an investment of 872 million yuan, accounting for 15.01% of the total investment, an electricity-paying project investment of 3.97 billion yuan, accounting for 68.32% of the total investment, and a solar energy universal project investment of 941 million yuan, accounting for the total investment. 16.19% of the total investment in the promotion project of solid biomass fuel is about 0.28 billion yuan, accounting for 0.48% of the total investment.The investment plan for LPG and natural gas promotion projects has not yet been carried out.
The second is to implement special guidance and support policies, and the plan clearly states that it is necessary to promote system reforms and institutional innovations, increase government input, and appropriately increase the proportion of investment in fuelwood alternative energy projects in total energy investment, and establish 50 million yuan in special rolling funds. As fuel fuel alternative development funding funds, to solve other issues without a source of funding sources; highlight the key points to ensure that the rural power network reconstruction project and rural biogas project construction investment in time, support conditions suitable for the construction of biogas and biomass fuel production bases, And implement incentive policies such as fiscal subsidies, fiscal interest discounts, financial guarantees, and government procurement.
At the same time, necessary administrative and legal measures will be taken to implement counter-regulation on the promotion of corresponding projects, and laws and regulations for the replacement of firewood shall be formulated by different levels of government to gradually reduce or prohibit the collection and consumption of traditional fuelwood energy. In combination with punishment, the project guides and encourages people in the project area to participate in the replacement of firewood, establishes prohibition and cutting areas, promptly prohibits the use of forests, pastures, and other areas in the region, prohibits excavation, bans logging, and implements dedicated personnel. System, to be responsible to people.
The third is to establish a long-term operating mechanism that combines project management and technical services.This hugely costly plan clearly states that it will increase investment in investigating solar energy, biological skills (mainly biogas, etc.), natural gas, and liquefied gas. Grasp the availability of resources, scientifically select and develop local fuelwood alternative energy, play a macro-control role, standardize the development and construction order, establish an emergency response system, and strengthen communication with farmers and herdsmen who use fuelwood as an alternative energy source. Should take the initiative, regular on-site service to help farmers and herdsmen safe and effective use of fuelwood alternative energy.
At the same time, the introduction of professional and technical personnel to guide and participate in the construction of alternative firewood projects, training of specialized personnel, high school in the region to actively adjust the professional settings, training professionals in the application of solar energy technology, biological skills, etc., especially colleges and universities Relevant vocational and technical education institutions have increased efforts to recruit graduates from junior and senior high schools in rural and pastoral areas. They have directed the training of a group of firewood and energy technology application and management personnel. At the same time, they have increased technical training, trained technical backbones, production experts and operation maintenance and management personnel. .
Strengthen the construction of safe production support, strictly implement the safety production permit system and the accident liability investigation system, improve the regulatory responsibility system, establish a regular system for equipment inspection and maintenance, ensure the normal operation of energy projects, and strengthen technical services and daily maintenance, and increase Promote and guide efforts.
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